2007 U.S. – ISLAMIC WORLD FORUM

Biographies of Key Speakers

Abdullah Abdullah
Afghanistan
H.E. Dr. Abdullah Abdullah is a former Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.  On December 22, 2001, during the Bonn Intra-Afghan talks, Abdullah was selected as the Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Interim Administration of Afghanistan under then-Chairman Hamid Karzai.  In June of 2002, Dr. Abdullah was again confirmed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.  An ophthalmologist by training, Abdullah served as Special Advisor and Chief Assistant to the Northern Alliance resistance leader Commander Ahmad Shah Masood.  He also served as the Director General in the Ministry of Defense in Kabul.  Dr. Abdullah received an M.D. from the Kabul University Department of Medicine.

Ziad Abu-Amr
Palestine
Ziad Abu-Amr has been a Member of the Palestinian Legislative Council since 1996, representing Gaza City.  He was re-elected during the January 2006 legislative elections.  He is the former Chairman of the Political Committee of the Palestinian Legislative Council and former Minister of Culture in the Palestinian Authority.  Abu-Amr is President of the Palestinian Council on Foreign Relations, a professor of Political Science at Birzeit University and often serves as a mediator between President Mahmoud Abbas and the Hamas leadership.  The author of numerous books and papers, Abu-Amr is a specialist on Islamic movements in Palestine and holds a Ph.D. from Georgetown University.

Ismael Ahmed
United States
Ismael Ahmed is co-founder and Executive Director of the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS), the largest Arab-American human service organization in the United States. In addition, for the past three years he has been a guest speaker at the Foreign Ministers Meeting of the League of Arab States, and was recently appointed a Regent of Eastern Michigan University by Governor Jennifer Granholm.  Ahmed sits on the boards of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Association of Performing Arts Presenters, University of Michigan Citizens Advisory Board, United Way, and is the Chair of the Immigration Task Force and the Cultural Exchange Network for New Detroit.  He is a contributing author to Arabs in America: Myths and Reality and the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Publication.   Ahmed received a B.A. in Secondary Education from the University of Michigan.

Riad Al Assaad
Lebanon
Riad Al Assaad is founder, Chairman of the Board and General Manager of South for Construction, a contracting company based in Beirut.  Previously, he worked on Design Construction at the Sarafand Fishing Port, and served as Project Engineer for the Rehabilitation Road Project at Almabani General Contractors.  Al Assaad received his B.S. in Civil Engineering from George Washington University, his M.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, and his M.A. in History from the American University of Beirut.

Al Sadig Rahman Al Mahdi
Sudan
Al Sadig Rahman Al Mahdi served as Prime Minister of Sudan during two separate terms and has been active in Sudanese politics for over 40 years.  He is also the Imam of Alansar Religious Group and President of the Umma Party.  Al Mahdi has authored numerous articles on Islamic issues and serves as a member of the Arab Water Council, Club de Madrid, and the National Islamic Conference (Beirut).  He received an M.A. in Philosophy, Politics and Economics from the University of Oxford.

H.E. Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabr Al Thani
Qatar
H.E. Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jabr Al Thani was born in 1959. From 1982-1989 he was the Director of the Office of the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture.  In July 1989 he was appointed Minister of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture and in May 1990, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Electricity and Water for two years, along with his post as Minister of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture, where he supervised several successful projects and developed the agriculture sector.  His Excellency has, in addition, held the following posts: Chairman of the Qatar Electricity and Water Company, President of the Central Municipal Council, Director of the Special Emiri Projects Office, member of Qatar Petroleum Board of Directors, and member of the Supreme Council for Planning.  On September 1, 1992, His Excellency was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs.  On September 16, 2003, Sheikh Hamad was appointed First Deputy Prime Minister while retaining his position of Minister of Foreign Affairs.  Additionally, he has held several other key positions including member of the Supreme Defense Council, which was established in 1996; head of Qatar’s Permanent Committee for the Support of al Quds, which was formed in 1998; member of the Permanent Constitution Committee, formed in 1999; member of the Ruling Family Council, which was established in 2000; and member of the Supreme Council for the Investment of the Reserves of the State, which was established in 2000.

Syed Hamid Bin Syed Jaafar Albar
Malaysia
Syed Hamid Albar is Malaysia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs. He has also held the positions of Minister of Defense and Minister of Law. Prior to his government service, Albar was a magistrate in the Sessions Court. He was called to the Bar at Middle Temple in the United Kingdom, where he established the United Malay National Organization club during his student days.

Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Egypt
Yusuf al-Qaradawiis a prominent Egyptian Islamic scholar and preacher.  He is the host of the popular Al Jazeera program, Ash-Shariah Wal-Hayat ("Shariah and Life"), and co-founder of IslamOnline, a website and forum offering a comprehensive reference on issues related to Islam and the Islamic world.  Qaradawi is also the head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research.  In the past, he has worked in the Egyptian Ministry of Religious Endowments, and served as Dean of the Islamic Department at the Faculties of Shariah and Education in Qatar, and Chairman of the Islamic Scientific Councils of Algerian Universities and Institutions.  Qaradawi is the author of over fifty books, including The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam and Islam: The Future Civilization.

Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im
Sudan
Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im is Charles Howard Candler Professor of Law at Emory University.  He has published numerous articles and books on human rights, constitutionalism, Islamic law and politics.  Before joining the Faculty of Emory Law School in 1995, he served as Executive Director of Human Rights Watch/Africa. He holds degrees from the University of Khartoum, Sudan; the University of Cambridge, England; and the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.

Mustafa Barghouti
Palestine
Mustafa Barghouti is a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council and Secretary General of the Palestinian National Initiative, a political party committed to democratic reform and Palestinian unity.  He is also founder and President of the Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committees, an NGO providing healthcare and related services in Palestine;  and a co-founder of the Health, Development, Information and Policy Institute, a think tank representing an alliance of 90 Palestinian community organizations.  He was the runner-up in the Palestinian National Authority presidential election in 2005.  Trained as a medical doctor in the former Soviet Union and Jerusalem, he has also earned a M.Sc. in Business Administration and Management from Stanford University.

Rajiv Chandrasekaran
United States
Rajiv Chandrasekaran is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post, where he has worked since 1994.  He previously served the Post as a bureau chief in Baghdad, Cairo, and Southeast Asia, and as a correspondent covering the war in Afghanistan. He recently completed a term as journalist-in-residence at the International Reporting Project at the Johns Hopkins School for Advanced International Studies, and was a public policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center. He is the author of the recent book Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq’s Green Zone.

Rola Dashti
Kuwait
Rola Dashti is Chairperson of the Kuwait Economic Society.  Previously, she was the manager of the economic department at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, as well as a senior economist at the National Bank of Kuwait.  Dashti has lectured on, and conducted and managed research in, development and applied economics, and is a leading activist in the fight for gender equality in Kuwait.  She recently lobbied for the May 2005 decree allowing Kuwaiti women to vote in and run for parliamentary elections, and intends to become a candidate in upcoming parliamentary elections in 2007.  She received her Ph.D. in Population Economics from Johns Hopkins University.

Stephen Grand
United States
Stephen Grand is a Fellow and Director of the Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World.  Before coming to Brookings, he was Director of the Middle East Strategy Group at the Aspen Institute from 2004-2006.  Prior to that, he was an Adjunct Professor at Syracuse University’s Maxwell School and was a Scholar in Residence at the American University. From 2002-2003 he was an International Affairs Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations.  He has also served as the Director of Programs at the German Marshall Fund and a Professional Staff Member for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.  Dr. Grand received a B.A. from the University of Virginia and a Ph.D. from Harvard University. 

Mohamed Jawhar Hassan
Malaysia
Mohamed Jawhar Hassan has been Director-General of the Institute for Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia since 1997. In 2005, he became Chairman. Before joining ISIS, he served as Under Secretary for the Internal Security Division in the Malaysian Ministry of Home Affairs.  He also served as Principal Assistant Secretary to the National Security Council (NSC) of Malaysia. Before working for the Malaysian NSC, Hassan served as Counselor in the Malaysian embassies in Indonesia and Thailand.

Komaruddin Hidayat
Indonesia
Komaruddin Hidayat is President of the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University in Jakarta.  Previously, he served as Director of the GraduateSchooland Professor of Islamic Philosophy.  He is also Director of Indonesia for Civic Education, founding member of the Society for Inter-Religious Dialogue, advisory board member of Common Ground Indonesia, and member of the National Education Standard Board.  During the 2004 national elections, he was the head of the Elections Observer Committee.  A former reporter for Panjimas magazine, Hidayat is a prolific author whose writings often appear in leading national newspapers and magazines such as Kompas, Republika, Koran Tempo, Suara Karya, Majalah Tempo, Gatra, and Forum.  His published works include Memahami Bahasa Agama (Understanding the Language of Religion), Agama Masa Depan (Religion of the Future), Tragedi Raja Midas (The Tragedy of King Midas), and co-author of Fikih Lintas Agama (Interreligious Jurisprudence).  Hidayat received his M.A. and Ph.D. in Philosophy from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey.

David R. Ignatius
United States
David R. Ignatiusis an American journalist and novelist.  He is currently Associate Editor and columnist for the Washington Post.  Ignatius began his career at the Washington Monthly and then the Wall Street Journal, where he covered the CIA and was a correspondent from the Middle East. He later went to the Washington Post in 1986, where he has since remained except for a stint from 2000 through 2002, when he was Executive Editor of The International Herald Tribune in Paris. His writing has also appeared in The New York Times Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, Foreign Affairs, and The New Republic.  Ignatius is also the author of six novels, drawn on his experience and substantial additional research on international politics and finance, including Agents of Innocence, SIRO, The Bank of Fear, A Firing Offense, The Sun King, and Body of Lies.  He is a graduate of St. Albans School inWashington D.C., Harvard College and King's College, Cambridge. 

Martin Indyk
United States
Martin Indyk is Director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, co-convenor of the Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, and a Brookings Senior Fellow.  He served as U.S. Ambassador to Israel from 1995-97 and 2000-01.  Before his first posting to Israel, Indyk was Special Assistant to President Clinton and Senior Director for Near East and South Asian Affairs at the National Security Council.  He also served as Assistant Secretary of State for Near East Affairs from 1997-2000. Before entering the U.S. government, Indyk was Founding Executive Director of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy for eight years.  He currently serves as Vice President of the American Friends of Yitzhak Rabin Center and Chairman of the International Council of the New Israel Fund.  Indyk received a B.Econ from Sydney University and a Ph.D. from the Australian National University.

Asma Jahangir
Pakistan
Asma Jahangir is the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief.  In this function she has submitted several reports to the UN Commission on Human Rights, the UN General Assembly and the UN Human Rights Council.  Prior to this appointment she served as UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions from 1998 to 2004.  She is also Commissioner of the International Commission of Jurists, Executive Member of the International Crisis Group, and Honorary Board Member of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.  In her home country of Pakistan, she is Director of AGHS Legal Aid Cell, an NGO set up in 1980 to provide free legal aid to women.  Over the years, the mandate of AGHS has expanded to respond to the needs of a growing civil society and the demands made by various groups for legal recourse.  Jahangir represents clients in the High Court, Federal Shariat Court and the Supreme Court of Pakistan.

Zalmay Khalilzad
United States
Zalmay Khalilzad is the United States Ambassador to Iraq and the Ambassador-designate to the United Nations.  Prior to his appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Iraq in 2005, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan, during which time he continued as the Special Presidential Envoy to Afghanistan.  He has held numerous positions within the US government, including Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Islamic Outreach and Southwest Asia Initiatives at the National Security Council, Special Presidential Envoy and Ambassador-at-Large for the Free Iraqis, and Counselor to Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, among others.  In the private sector, Khalilzad was Director of the Strategy, Doctrine and Force Structure program for RAND's Project Air Force, founder of RAND’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Associate Professor at the Unviersity of California at San Diego, and Assistant Professor of Political Science at Columbia University.  He is the recipient of several awards including the U.S. Defense Department Medal for Outstanding Public Service and the King Ghazi Ammanullah Medal, Afghanistan’s highest medal.  In addition, he is the author of over 200 articles, reports and books which have been translated into several languages including Arabic, Chinese, German, Japanese and Turkish.  Khalilzad received his B.A. and M.A. from the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.

Jihad B. Khazen
United Kingdom
Jihad B. Khazen is a writer, director and publisher of Al-Hayat, a leading pan-Arab newspaper, and Laha, a weekly pan-Arab newsmagazine.  He is also Editor-in-Chief of Newsroom Ink, a joint venture between Al-Hayat and the Lebanese television station LBC.  Khazen is a member of the Board of Directors and co-founder of the Arab Thought Foundation, and member of the Board of Advisors at the Middle East News Agency.  He received a B.A. in Political Science and an M.A. in Arabic Literature at the American University of Beirut.

Rami G. Khouri

Lebanon

Rami George Khouri is Editor-at-Large and formerExecutive Editor of the Beirut-based Daily Star newspaper, published throughoutthe Middle East with the International Herald Tribune.  An internationallysyndicated political columnist and book author, he is also the first  Director ofthe Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs at theAmerican University of Beirut.  He spent the 2001-02 academic year as a Nieman Journalism Fellow at HarvardUniversity and was appointed a member of the Brookings Institution Task ForceonU.S. Relations with the Islamic World.  He is a Research Associate at the Programon the Analysis and Resolution of Conflict at the Maxwell School, SyracuseUniversity; a Fellow of the Palestinian Academic Society for the Studyof International Affairs; and a member of the Leadership Council ofthe Harvard University Divinity School.  He also serves on the board of theEast-West Institute, the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies at GeorgetownUniversity, and the Jordan National Museum.  He was Editor-in-Chief of the Jordan Times for seven years and for 18 years hewas general manager of Al Kutba Publishers in Amman, Jordan, where he alsoserved as a consultant to the Jordanian Ministry of Tourism on biblicalarchaeological sites.  He has hosted programs on archaeology, history and currentpublic affairs on Jordan Television and Radio Jordan, and often comments onMideastissues in the international media.  He received a B.A. in Political Science and an M.Sc. in MassCommunications from Syracuse University.

Mark T. Kimmit

United States

Mark T. Kimmitt is currently the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs for the United States Department of Defense.  A career military officer for over 30 years, Kimmitt most recently served as a Brigadier General in the United States Army, where he was Deputy Director of Strategy and Plans at United States Central Command.  He was also Deputy Director of Operations and Chief Military Spokesman for Coalition Forces in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom.  In addition, he was Assistant Professor of Finance and Economics in the Department of Social Sciences at the United States Military Academy.  Kimmitt is a graduate of the United States Military Academy, and received his M.A. from National Defense University and the School of Advanced Military Studies, as well as an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

Christopher A. Kojm

United States

Christopher A. Kojm served as a Senior Advisor to the Iraq Study Group.  Since 2004 he has been a Visiting Professor at the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton.  He was the president of the 9/11 Public Discourse Project (2004-05) and former deputy director of the 9/11 Commission (2003-2004).  Prior to that, he served from 1998-2003 as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intelligence Policy and Coordination in the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research.  Kojm served previously in the Congress on the staff of the House International Relations Committee, under Ranking Member Lee Hamilton as Deputy Director of the Democratic staff (1997-98), as Coordinator for Regional Issues (1993-1997) and under Chairman Hamilton on the Europe and Middle East subcommittee staff (1984-92).  From 1979-1984, he was a writer and editor with the Foreign Policy Association in New York City. He received a B.A. from Harvard College and an M.A. in Public Affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University.

Steven Kull
United States

Steven Kullis the editor of WorldPublicOpinion.org, and Director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) and the Center on Policy Attitudes (COPA). He directs the PIPA/Knowledge Networks poll of the U.S. public, plays a central role in the BBC World Service Poll of global opinion and the polls of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, and is the principal investigator of a major study of social support of anti-American terrorist groups in Islamic countries.  He regularly appears in the U.S. and international media, providing analysis of public opinion, and gives briefings to the U.S. Congress, the State Department, NATO, the United Nations and the European Commission. His articles have appeared in Political Science Quarterly, Foreign Policy, Public Opinion Quarterly, Harpers, The Washington Post and other publications. His most recent book, co-authored with I.M. Destler, is Misreading the Public: The Myth of a New Isolationism. He is a faculty member of the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the World Association of Public Opinion Research.

Dalia Mogahed

United States

Dalia Mogahed is Executive Director of Muslim Studies for The Gallup Organization. Dalia has done significant research and work with the Gallup Muslim Poll, including a comprehensive poll of 10,000 Muslims in ten Muslim nations.  Her area of interest is in the depth of misunderstanding regarding religion and government between Western and Islamic cultures.  She is currently working with John L. Esposito on a groundbreaking new book entitled Can You Hear Me?: Listening to the Voice of a Billion Muslims, due in September of 2007.

Amre Moussa

Egypt

Amre Moussa is the current Secretary-General of the League of Arab States and was elected to that position in 2001. Moussa has been a diplomat, having served as Cairo’s ambassador to India and the United Nations in 1967 and 1990, respectively. Prior to becoming the Secretary General of the League of Arab States, he served as Foreign Minister in the Ganzouri Cabinet between 1991 and 2001.  

Michael E. O’Hanlon

United States

Michael E. O'Hanlonis a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, specializing in defense and foreign policy issues, and a visiting lecturer at Princeton University.  He is regarded as one of the foremost foreign policy and military experts in the Democratic Party.  O’Hanlon received an M.A. and a Ph.D. from Princeton University.

Carlos Pascual

United States

Carlos Pascual is Vice President and Director of the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution.  Before joining Brookings, Pascual held multiple positions within the United States Department of State including Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, Coordinator for U.S. Assistance to Europe and Eurasia, and Ambassador to Ukraine from 2000-2003.  In addition, Pascual served as Special Assistant to the President and NSC Senior Director for Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia.  Prior to his work at the NSC, Pascual held several positions at the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) including Deputy Assistant Administrator for Europe and the New Independent States, and Director of the Office of Program Analysis and Coordinator for the New Independent States Task Force.  Pascual received his B.A. from Stanford University in 1980 and his M.P.P. from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1982.

Ashraf Jehangir Qazi

Pakistan

Ashraf Jehangir Qazi is Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Iraq, and a former senior Pakistani diplomat.  Prior to this current assignment, he served as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States.  He also served as High Commissioner to India, and has held several other ambassadorial posts in China, Russia, then-East Germany, and Syria.  He has also held diplomatic assignments in Copenhagen, Tokyo, Cairo, Tripoli and London.

Habib Rehman

India

Habib Rehman is Executive Director on the Board of ITC Ltd., one of the largest private-sector corporations in India.  He has made substantial contributions to the lodging, travel and tourism sectors and is associated with many environmental and social initiatives.  He is also on the Board of several Indian companies in the hotel and tourism industry. 

Bruce Riedel

United States

Bruce Riedel is a Senior Fellow for Political Transitions in the Middle East and South Asia at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution.  He is an analyst of Middle East and South Asia politics with extensive experience in counter-terrorism, energy security and multilateral diplomacy.  For eight years he served as a senior advisor at the National Security Council to the last three Presidents of the United States at the White House.  He retired in 2006 after nearly 30 years in the CIA including postings overseas in the Middle East and Europe.  He was also Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for the Near East and South Asia at the Pentagon and a senior advisor at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Brussels.  Riedel was a member of President Clinton’s peace process team at the Camp David, Wye River, and Shepherdstown summits.  He is a graduate of Brown and Harvard Universities and the Royal College of Defense Studies in London; he teaches at Georgetown University.  He is the author of American Diplomacy and the 1999 Kargil Summit at Blair House.

Barham Saleh

Iraq

Barham Ahmad Salehis an Iraqi politician and current Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister.  He was elected to the Iraqi National Assembly in December 2005 as part of the Kurdistani Alliance list.  Salih also chairs a committee on oil and energy policy.  He also served as spokesman for the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in London and later in Washington.  Saleh received a B.S. in Civil and Structural Engineering at Cardiff University, an M.S. in Statistics and Computer Modelling at Liverpool University and a Ph.D. in Oceanography.

Khalil Shikaki

Palestine

Khalil Shikaki is Director of the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research in Ramallah.  Shikaki is also a Senior Fellow at the Crown Center for Middle East Studies at Brandeis University.  He was both Associate Professor of Political Science and Dean of Scientific Research at Al-Najah National University in Nablus.  Shikaki has also been a Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, the University of South Florida, and Columbia University. He has conducted numerous public opinion polls and published many articles about Palestinian politics and the Israeli-Palestinian peace process.

Shibley Telhami

United States

Shibley Telhami is a Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution, a co-convenor of the Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World and the Anwar Sadat Professor for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland, College Park.  Previously, he was an Associate Professor at Cornell University, and has held professorships at a number of other institutions.  As a Council on Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow, he served as advisor to the United States delegation to the United Nations during the Iraq-Kuwait crisis.  Telhami authored a report on Persian Gulf security for the Council on Foreign Relations, and co-drafted another Council report on the Arab-Israeli peace process.  His most recent book is The Stakes: America and the Middle East.  Telhami received a B.A. from Queens College, City University of New York and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.

Philip D. Zelikow

United States

Philip D. Zelikow is the White Burkett Miller Professor of History at the University of Virginia.  From February 2005 until December 2006, he served as Counselor to the U.S. Department of State, where he was a senior policy advisor on a wide range of issues to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Before his appointment as Counselor, Zelikow served as the Executive Director of the 9/11 Commission.  Formerly a trial and appellate attorney in Houston, Zelikow served as a career foreign service officer overseas, in the Department, and on detail to the NSC staff.  A former member of the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (2001-2003), Dr. Zelikow also directed the privately-sponsored Carter-Ford Commission on Federal Election Reform, which led to the Help America Vote Act of 2002.  Zelikow received his B.A. in History from the University of Redlands, his J.D. from the University of Houston, and his M.A. and Ph.D. in International Law and Diplomacy from the Fletcher School at Tufts University.